Chapter+19.3

Directions: Each group should answer the assigned question and post any definitions next to the terms that apply to that question.

Cavour- Cavour was the Italian prime minister in1852. he wanted to increase government revenues to create larger armies because he knew that at the time there army was weak they teamed up with Louis- Napoleon and started a war with the Austrians.

Garibaldi- an Italian patriot he created a army of a thousand volunteers an called them the red shirts. He and his group led a rebellion against Sicily and Naples. They then went to take Piedmont. They also joined the Prussians in the war against Austria. They were given Venetia as a reward.

Bismarck - He was a prime minister appointed by William I. He argued that “Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power.” He collected taxes and strengthened the army. He governed Prussia without the approval of the parliament from 1862 to 1866. (After Prussia defeated Denmark with Austria’s help, he created friction with the Austrians and forced them into war.) He helped unify Germany.

Napoleon III- emperor of France; his government was clearly authoritarian; controlled the armed forces, police, and civil service; only he could introduce legislative and declare war; completely controlled the government and limited civil liberties; carried out vast rebuilding of the city of Paris; began to liberalize his regime; gave legislative more power, so it gave him another victory

Crimean War -In 1856 the Russians suffered a humiliating defeat even the staunch conservatives saw that Russia was falling behind in power. The result of a long term- struggle between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. In 1853 Russians invaded Turkish Balkab and in response Ottoman Turks declared war on Russia. England and France were fearful of Russia and declared war on Russia the following year. The war was named after the Russian peninsula. The war was poorly planned and fought. The effect of the war to destroy the Concert of Europe.

Compromise of 1867- this compromise created the dual monarchy of Austria Hungary; each of these 2 components of the empire now had its own legislative, its own government bureaucracy, and its own capital

Alexander II - He decided to make reforms because he could see that Russia was falling. He issued an emancipation edict, which freed the serfs. Peasants could now own property and marry as they choose. The government provided land for the peasants by buying it from landlords. He was assassinated by a group of radicals in 1881.

Group 1. Define the term Concert of Europe. Why did this system fail? The Concert of Europe was the conservative era in Europe that aimed to achieve a balance of power under a conservative government. This system came into place after the Napoleonic wars. It failed, however, because the greater powers in the system, like Great Britain, Russia, and France, couldnt get along and resulted in events like the Crimean War. The Crimean War ultimately broke up the Concert of Europe.

Group 2. What role did war and diplomacy play in the unification of Italy? The Italians fought the Austrians in a war to unify Italy. They were joined by the French led by Louis-Napoleon. Cavours gave Nice and Savoy to France because of their assistance in the war Cavours success caused nationalist the other nationalist in Italian states to overthrow there governments.

Group 3. How did Bismarck and his idea of realpolitik help bring about the unification of Germany? - Realpolitik means politics of reality, or politics based on practical matters rather than on theory or ethics. Bismarck argued that “Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power.” He collected taxes and strengthened the army. He governed Prussia without the approval of the parliament from 1862 to 1866. After Prussia defeated Denmark with Austria’s help, he created friction with the Austrians and forced them into war. The southern German states then feared Prussia, but they also feared France so they signed military alliances with Prussia so that they would be protected from France. Prussia had then dominated all of northern Germany. The growing power of Germany worried France. Bismarck basically forces the French into declaring war on Prussia. The south German states joined in the war against France and at Sedan in 1870; the French army and Napoleon III were captured. Paris surrendered and an official peace treaty was signed, which caused France to pay 5 billion francs and give up the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to the new German state. The south German states agreed to enter the North German confederation.

Group 4. Are there lasting political changes in any of the following nations: Britain, France, Austria or Russia? Why or why not? Austria created a dual monarchy with Hungary. This was called the Compromise of 1867. Napoleon III expanded the economy in France. He completely controlled the government and limited civil liberties. In Britain, they increased the number of male voters under Queen Victoria. They were stable. Russia tried to reform but failed under Alexander II.